# who wrote the first textbook in differential calculus

f change in  Δ 4 {\displaystyle {\frac {d(ax^{n})}{dx}}=anx^{n-1}}

The slope of a curve at a particular point is defined as the slope of the tangent to that point.

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represents an infinitesimal change in x. "Innovation and Tradition in Sharaf al-Din al-Tusi's Muadalat", Newton began his work in 1666 and Leibniz began his in 1676. a positive real number that is smaller than any other real number. In other words. + Δ stream This is known as the power rule. {\displaystyle (a,f(a))} In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. 2 ( He proved, for example, that the maximum of the cubic ax2 – x3 occurs when x = 2a/3, and concluded therefrom that the equation ax2 — x3 = c has exactly one positive solution when c = 4a3/27, and two positive solutions whenever 0 < c < 4a3/27.

Rashed's conclusion has been contested by other scholars, however, who argue that he could have obtained the result by other methods which do not require the derivative of the function to be known.[11]. it commences with a brief outline of the development of real numbers, their expression as infinite decimals and their representation by points along a line.   if [9] The historian of science, Roshdi Rashed,[10] has argued that al-Tūsī must have used the derivative of the cubic to obtain this result. This proof can be generalised to show that   by the change in ) /Length 216 x Both Newton and Leibniz claimed that the other plagiarized their respective works. But that says that the function does not move up or down, so it must be a horizontal line. ) Δ Calculus is of vital importance in physics: many physical processes are described by equations involving derivatives, called differential equations.

has a slope of

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In higher dimensions, a critical point of a scalar valued function is a point at which the gradient is zero.

For example, {\displaystyle 4}

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One example of an optimization problem is: Find the shortest curve between two points on a surface, assuming that the curve must also lie on the surface. If the function is differentiable, the minima and maxima can only occur at critical points or endpoints. In mathematics, differential calculus is a subfield of calculus that studies the rates at which quantities change. x 0 {\displaystyle 2x+\Delta x\to 2x} Indian mathematicians produced a number of works with some ideas of calculus. Using these coefficients gives the Taylor polynomial of f. The Taylor polynomial of degree d is the polynomial of degree d which best approximates f, and its coefficients can be found by a generalization of the above formulas.

( Still better might be a cubic polynomial a + b(x − x0) + c(x − x0)2 + d(x − x0)3, and this idea can be extended to arbitrarily high degree polynomials.

y But it is l'Hopital who is credited with the first published text on calculus. Δ

; this can be written as

) ) Here is a proof, using differentiation from first principles, that the derivative of n f In practice, what the mean value theorem does is control a function in terms of its derivative.

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These paths are called geodesics, and one of the most fundamental problems in the calculus of variations is finding geodesics.   and d

The derivative of the momentum of a body with respect to time equals the force applied to the body; rearranging this derivative statement leads to the famous F = ma equation associated with Newton's second law of motion.  , Therefore, Trump casts himself as the defender of white America.

Instead, the slope of the graph is defined using a tangent line—a line that 'just touches' a particular point. The points where this is not true are determined by a condition on the derivative of f. The circle, for instance, can be pasted together from the graphs of the two functions ± √1 - x2.

>>   representing an infinitesimal change. x

is defined as the slope of the tangent to ( endobj Δ

These techniques include the chain rule, product rule, and quotient rule. Victor J. Katz (1995), "Ideas of Calculus in Islam and India", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Differential_calculus&oldid=986419723, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 31 October 2020, at 19:03.

{\displaystyle \Delta x\to 0} The first part describes derivatives of functionof one s variable, calculation rules for derivations, derivatives of basic functionand … {\displaystyle y=x^{2}} Join Yahoo Answers and get 100 points today. For a real-valued function of a single real variable, the derivative of a function at a point generally determines the best linear approximation to the function at that point. {\displaystyle {\frac {\Delta y}{\Delta x}}} {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dx}}(5x^{4})=5(4)x^{3}=20x^{3}}

f y ( However, Leibniz published his first paper in 1684, predating Newton's publication in 1693. Derivatives and their generalizations appear in many fields of mathematics, such as complex analysis, functional analysis, differential geometry, measure theory, and abstract algebra. ( Newton actually discovered calculus between 1665 and 1667 after his university closed due to an outbreak of the Plague. ( n

= x The mean value theorem gives a relationship between values of the derivative and values of the original function.

2 {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dx}}=2x}

x x   being the Greek letter Delta, meaning 'change in'. [8], The Islamic mathematician, Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī (1135–1213), in his Treatise on Equations, established conditions for some cubic equations to have solutions, by finding the maxima of appropriate cubic polynomials. {\displaystyle {\frac {dy}{dx}}} For instance, suppose that f has derivative equal to zero at each point. << y x /Length 438 x

This set is called the zero set of f, and is not the same as the graph of f, which is a paraboloid.

For instance, if f(x, y) = x2 + y2 − 1, then the circle is the set of all pairs (x, y) such that f(x, y) = 0. f (These two functions also happen to meet (−1, 0) and (1, 0), but this is not guaranteed by the implicit function theorem.). ( {\displaystyle \Delta x}

{\displaystyle d} = H�b������\$����WR����~�������|@���T��#���2S/`M. In a neighborhood of every point on the circle except (−1, 0) and (1, 0), one of these two functions has a graph that looks like the circle. If there are some positive and some negative eigenvalues, then the critical point is called a "saddle point", and if none of these cases hold (i.e., some of the eigenvalues are zero) then the test is considered to be inconclusive. x

{\displaystyle y=x^{2}} What we know now as "calculus" was probably first used by a Middle Eastern astronomer named Aryabhata in 499. {\displaystyle {\text{slope }}={\frac {\Delta y}{\Delta x}}} {\displaystyle x=2} = What is the probability of a man getting the job? Even if you support Trump, you dont actually believe he is the smartest person on earth like he says right?